Peltier cooling

"Peltier cooling" uses the Peltier effect to cool substances where heat is generated or absorbed when an electric current flows to the contact region of different metals. Peltier cooling is applied to reduce thermal noise of the CCD camera for a TEM. A three-stage Peltier element can cool a substance down to -45 ℃. This cooling technique is usually used for a data-accumulation type CCD camera. The Peltier-cooling device requires water cooling of the heat generation part (air cooling provides low cooling efficiency). Recent cooling devices are made compact in size. To further reduce the temperature, liquid nitrogen is used.