Zernike phase contrast
Zernike phase contrast
In TEM, "Zernike phase contrast" means contrast which is obtained by converting the phase change of electron waves scattered by a specimen into the amplitude change. The conversion is performed by using a phase plate or a combined effect of the spherical aberration of the electron lens and defocus.

(a) Conventional TEM (C-TEM) image.
(b) Zernike phase contrast (ZPC-TEM) image of an ice-embedded T4 phage taken at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV.
(c) Schematic of T4 phage.
Compared with the C-TEM image, the ZPC-TEM image clearly visualizes the fine structures of DNA in a capsid, the hair-like structural objects and the cylindrical structures on the capsid surface.
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