DART™ (Direct Analysis in Real Time) is a new ion source that can analyze samples with various states and shapes without any sample preparation.
Features
DART™, the pioneering ambient mass spectrometry source
DART™ was born in 2003 at the mass spectrometry applications laboratory of JEOL USA, Inc. Among a series of new ionization techniques, which were later termed "ambient ionization, "DART™ was the first to be invented and the first to be commercialized in 2005. Since DART™ was developed for JEOL AccuTOF™ series of mass spectrometers, it provides the best performance when attached to AccuTOF™ LC-Express.
Direct analysis without sample preparation
You can acquire high mass-resolution, accurate-mass spectra in real time by simply presenting samples of various shapes and states to the DART™ ion source without any sample preparation. DART™ can handle samples with arbitrary shapes or “dirty” sample that conventional analytical method cannot deal with.
| Subjects for analysis | Paper (bills, business cards, etc.), film, textiles, fruits, vegetables, spices, beverages, biofluids, human skin, glass, concrete, etc. |
|---|---|
| Detectable components |
Drugs and their metabolites, synthetic chemicals, dyes, pigments, pesticide, odor components, narcotics, designer drugs, chemical warfare agents and related substances, explosives, etc. |
Direct analysis of liquid
Antithrombotic drug (liquid)
At the tip of a glass rod
Direct analysis of solid
Held between tweezers
Direct analysis of powder
Vitamin -C granules (dietary supplement)
Powder wrapped in a ceramic sheet
AccuTOF™ LC-Express + DART™ : the perfect combination
The DART™ was developed for the JEOL AccuTOF™ series of mass spectrometers. No additional interface is required between the DART™ and the AccuTOF™ LC-Express due to a rugged, simple API interface and high-capacity vacuum pumping system. The combination is able to detect a wider range of polar and nonpolar compounds than any other DART™ MS system. With no additional interface, there is virtually no carryover from one analysis to another, even for “dirty” and “sticky” samples.
Nonpolar: organic electro-luminescence materials
Polar: an ionic liquid
Principle of DART ionization
DART ionization is based on the interaction between excited state atoms or molecules, and atmospheric gas and/or analytes.
Plasma is generated by glow discharge from the needle electrode in a helium gas stream. The plasma includes ions, electrons, and excited state (metastable) atoms or molecules. The majority of charged particles are eliminated by the grounded electrode and the excited state neutral species are expelled to the atmosphere.
The gas stream can be heated by the gas heater to help analytes vaporization or desorption from the substrate surface.
Positive ion
The metastable helium atoms formed in the DART source react with atmospheric water to produce ionized water clusters. These protonated water clusters can then react with the analyte (M) to form protonated cations:
He(23S) + H2O → H2O+. + He(11S) + e-
H2O+. + H2O → H3O+ + OH.
H3O+ + nH2O → [(H2O)n+1 + H]+
[(H2O)n+1 + H]+ + M → [M + H]+ + (n+1)H2O
Negative ion
Metastable helium atoms can react with a neutral (N), such as the exit grid electrode, or another neutral species to form electrons through Penning ionization. The electrons formed are rapidly thermalized by collisions with atmospheric gases (G) and then react with gaseous oxygen to produce oxygen anions.
He(23S) + N → N+. + He(11S) + e-*
e-* + G → G* + e-
e- + O2 → O2-
These oxygen anions can then react with sample molecules (M) to produce analyte anions.
O2-. + M → [M - H]- + OOH.
O2-. + M → M-. + O2
O2-. + M → [M + O2]-.
Interview
Versatile and powerful tool for forensic drug screening
Robert Steiner, M.SPrincipal Forensic Scientist and Instrument Specialist, Virginia Department of Forensic Science<br><br>Innovative AccuTOF-DART® mass spectrometer speeds up and simplifies identification and elucidation of unknown drugs
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