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freeze replication

freeze replication

Freeze replication is a technique to make a metallic thin-film replica from a fractured surface of a biological specimen.  When a lipid bilayer of the cell membrane is fractured, the extracellular leaflet of the freeze-fractured lipid bilayer is called the E face (or the extracellular face), whereas the cytoplasmic leaflet is called the P face (or the protoplasmic face).  Thus, the technique is used to observe the morphology of membrane proteins.

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